Alston & Bird Consumer Finance Blog

Mortgage Loans

Consolidated Appropriations Act Includes Temporary Provisions That May Affect Servicers

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Among the myriad provisions of H.R. 133, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, is Division FF, Title X, Section 1001, of which mortgage holders and servicers should take note because it may affect activities with respect to borrowers in bankruptcy.  These temporary provisions expire December 27, 2021.

First, Section 1001 provides that a debtor under a Chapter 13 plan may seek (and a court may grant) a discharge if (1) the debtor has missed three or fewer mortgage payments on or after March 13, 2020 because of a “material financial hardship due, directly or indirectly, by the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19) pandemic”; or (2) the debtor’s plan provides for the curing of a default and maintenance of payments, and the debtor has entered into a loan forbearance or modification agreement, and. Importantly, unpaid mortgage payments are not discharged if the debtor is granted a discharge, and thus remain owed to the mortgage holder or servicer.

Second, Section 1001 provides that a consumer cannot be denied a CARES Act forbearance or other applicable CARES Act relief if they are a debtor in a pending bankruptcy case.

Third, Section 1001 permits servicers of federally backed mortgage loans to file supplemental proofs of claim for the amounts forborne under a CARES Act forbearance, provided that they are filed no later than 120 days after the expiration of the forbearance. Mortgage holders or servicers may also move to modify the debtor’s bankruptcy plan to provide for the supplemental CARES forbearance claim within thirty days after filing the supplemental claim.

Takeaway

Servicers may wish to consult counsel to determine whether these provisions will affect 2021 operations.

CFPB Delays Implementation of General “QM” Rule, May Jettison the “Seasoned QM” Rule

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A&B ABstract

In a statement issued on February 23, 2021, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) indicated that it intends to delay the General Qualified Mortgage (“QM”) rule’s mandatory July 1 2021 compliance date, and may amend or revoke the “Seasoned QM Rule” that was supposed to become effective on March 1, 2021.

Background

As we previously reported in this blog, on December 10, 2020, the CFPB issued two significant rulemakings. In the first rulemaking, known as the General QM Rule, CFPB terminated the “QM Patch” and significantly revised the criteria for what constitutes a qualified mortgage (“QM”) loan.  Notably, in this rule, the CFPB replaced the dreaded Appendix Q and strict 43% debt-to-income underwriting threshold with a priced-based QM loan definition.  The rule was to take effect on March 1, 2021, with compliance not mandatory until July 1, 2021.  The QM Patch will expire on the earlier of (i) July 1, 2021 or (ii) the date that the GSEs exit conservatorship.

In the second rulemaking, known as the “Seasoned QM Rule”, the CFPB issued an innovative final rulemaking that creates a pathway to “safe harbor” Qualified Mortgage (QM) status for performing non-QM and “rebuttable presumption” QM loans that meet certain performance criteria portfolio requirements over a seasoning period of at least 36 months and that satisfy certain product restrictions, points and fees limits, and underwriting requirements prior to consummation.  The “Seasoned QM” rule was to become effective with respect to applications received on or after March 1, 2021.

The CFPB’s Intension to Delay Compliance Date of the “QM” Final Rule 

In its statement, the CFPB expects to issue a proposed rulemaking that would delay the July 1, 2021 mandatory compliance date of the General QM Rule ostensibly to “ensure consumers have the options they need during the pandemic … as well as to provide maximum flexibility to the market”.  The impact of this rulemaking is significant because, if implemented, lenders will have the option of originating QM loans under the new General QM Rule standards or alternatively, adhering to the preexisting QM rules, that require, among other things, that the loans be underwritten to Appendix Q with a hard 43% debt-to-income ratio or be eligible for sale to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac.

Notably, the CFPB anticipates that the “QM Patch” will remain in effect until the new mandatory compliance date—unless the GSEs exist conservatorship prior to that date.

Further, the CFPB indicated that at a later date, it may initiate another rulemaking to “reconsider other aspects of the General QM Final Rule”.

The CFPB Will Amend or Reject the “Seasoned QM” Rule

 In its statement, the CFPB ominously noted that it may initiate a new rulemaking to “revisit” the Seasoned QM Rule.  The CFPB indicated that if promulgated, this rulemaking would consider whether “any potential final rule revoking or amending the Seasoned QM Final Rule should affect covered transactions for which an application was received during the period from March 1, 2021, until the effective date of such a final rule”.

 Takeaways

The CFPB issued the General QM Rule and the Seasoned QM Rule in the waning days of the Trump Administration, and the Biden CFPB clearly wants to reexamine these rulemakings.  While it is likely that in the short-term, the General QM Rule will be implemented as enacted, albeit with a delayed mandatory compliance date, it is possible that the CFPB could ultimately amend the rule at a later date.  It is also noteworthy that the impact of this delay will be an extension of the controversial “QM Patch”.

By contrast, the CFPB is likely to substantively amend the Seasoned QM Rule or jettison the rulemaking altogether.  In the comments to the final Seasoned QM Rule, consumer groups opposed not only significant aspects of the rule but also the concept of a “Seasoned QM”.  These groups will likely have a sympathetic ear in the Biden CFPB, and hence the rule faces an uncertain fate at best.

New York State Revises Restrictive HECM Foreclosure Law

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A&B ABstract

On December 15, 2020, New York State enacted legislation amending the New York Real Property Law that would have placed various restrictions and requirements on the servicing of Home Equity Conversion Mortgages secured by New York properties effective as of April 14, 2021 (the “Foreclosure Law”).  The new law would significantly hinder a servicer’s ability to foreclose on a defaulted HECM, and could conflict with existing default procedures promulgated by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”) relating to the foreclosure of HECMs.

On January 6, 2021, legislation was introduced in the New York State Senate to eliminate certain of these burdensome provisions (the “Revised Law”).  Both the Senate and the New York State General Assembly have approved this measure, and it currently awaits Governor Cuomo’s signature.

The Foreclosure Law as Enacted

As enacted, the Foreclosure Law would impose a series of requirements on foreclosures comments on or after April 14, 2021.

First, the law would, among other things, upon the commencement of a foreclosure proceeding of a HECM secured by real property in New York State, require transmission to the New York Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) of

  • proof that HUD has granted prior approval to accelerate the loan,
  • proof of the default leading to the foreclosure action and notice to the mortgagor, and
  • any other information required by the NYDFS.

Second, the Foreclosure Law would require mortgagees to engage in mandatory loss mitigation activities to be specified in regulations promulgated by the NYDFS before commencing a foreclosure action.

Third, the Foreclosure Law would prohibit the making of advance payments for any obligation arising from the related Mortgaged Property and provide that payments by the Servicer for insurance premiums and taxes may only be made when they are in arrears.

The Revised Foreclosure Law

The Revised Law would eliminate many of these burdensome provisions.  Specifically, the Revised Law would:

  • require lenders to send a notice to consumers that will be promulgated by the NYDFS relating to the borrower’s rights in foreclosure,
  • authorize the NYDFS to regulate the notice of such rights,
  • require lenders to send the NYDFS proof that they received permission from HUD to foreclose on a reverse mortgage,
  • require lenders to maintain policies on loss mitigation to ensure compliance with all applicable law, and
  • require lenders to maintain certain loss mitigation and foreclosure records.

If signed by Governor Cuomo, the Revised Law would take effect 120 days after enactment.

Significant Penalties for Failure to Comply

Under both the Foreclosure Law and the Revised Law, consumers “injured” by a violation of the law are entitled to recover treble damages in a private right of action.  Further, adherence to the requirements of the law is a condition precedent to filing the foreclosure in New York State, and failure to comply with these provisions constitutes a complete defense to such foreclosure.

Takeaway

Even as amended, the legislation is cumbersome and creates additional hurdles for servicers foreclosing on delinquent HECMs in New York State.  Arguably, the existing HUD HECM pre-foreclosure procedures provide ample consumer protection.  Nevertheless, with many consumers struggling financially during the COVID pandemic, New York State seeks to provide additional consumer protections to elderly New Yorkers who have HECMs.

CFPB Brings Action Against Connecticut Mortgage Lender

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The number of enforcement actions by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) more than doubled from 2019 to 2020. The CFPB made clear that cracking down on deceptive and unfair acts and practices under the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 (CFPA) remains a core focus, with 11 of the 15 complaints it filed last year alleging such violations.

Earlier this month, the CFPB filed another lawsuit alleging unfair and deceptive acts or practices in violation of the CFPA. At the dawn of a new year and a new Administration, this litigation may be the proverbial canary in the coalmine for others in the financial services industry. As the case proceeds and briefing is filed, the tone and focus of the new Administration may be brought to light.

In a Client Advisory, our Financial Services Litigation Team examines the latest effort by the CFPB to crack down on deceptive and unfair acts and practices.

CFPB Issues “Seasoned Qualified Mortgage” Rule

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A&B ABstract:  On December 10, 2020, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) issued an innovative final rulemaking that creates a pathway to “safe harbor” Qualified Mortgage (QM) status for performing non-QM and “rebuttable presumption” QM loans that meet certain performance criteria portfolio requirements over a seasoning period of at least 36 months and that satisfy certain product restrictions, points and fees limits, and underwriting requirements prior to consummation.

The CFPB promulgated this “Seasoned QM” rulemaking simultaneously with the rule that terminates the “QM Patch” and amends the general QM rules (as discussed in our December 28 post).

The “Seasoned QM” rule is effective with respect to applications received on or after March 1, 2021.

Background

Under the revised general QM rule, for first-lien transactions, a loan receives a conclusive presumption that the consumer had the ability to repay (and hence receives the “safe harbor” presumption of QM compliance) if the APR does not exceed the APOR for a comparable transaction by 1.5 percentage points or more as of the date the interest rate is set.

A first-lien loan receives a “rebuttable presumption” that the consumer had the ability to repay if the APR exceeds the APOR for a comparable transaction by 1.5 percentage points or more but by less than 2.25 percentage points.  The revised general QM rule provides for higher thresholds for loans with smaller loan amounts, for subordinate-lien transactions, and for certain manufactured housing loans.  Loans with higher APRs than the thresholds noted above are designated as non-QMs.

In order to qualify for QM status, the loan must meet the statutory requirements regarding the three percent points and fees limits, and must not contain negative amortization, a balloon payment (except in the existing limited circumstances), or a term exceeding 30 years.

Pathway to Safe Harbor QM Status

 In the “Seasoned QM” rule, a non-QM loan or “rebuttable presumption” QM receives a safe harbor from ATR liability at the end of a seasoning period of at least 36 months as a “Seasoned QM” if it satisfies certain product restrictions, points-and-fees limits, and underwriting requirements, and the loan meets the designated performance and portfolio requirements during the seasoning period.  The CFPB’s stated purpose of the rule is to “enhance access to affordable mortgage credit”, and to incentivize “the origination of non-QM and ‘rebuttable presumption’ QM loans that a creditor expects to demonstrate a sustained and timely payment history.”

Criteria for a “Seasoned QM”

In order to become eligible to become a “Seasoned QM”, and hence, receive a safe harbor from ATR liability at the end of the 36- month seasoning period, the loan must meet the following criteria:

  • The loan is secured by a first lien;
  • The loan has a fixed rate, with regular, substantially equal periodic payments that are fully amortizing and no balloon payments;
  • The loan term does not exceed 30 years;
  • The loan is not subject to the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act;
  • The loan’s points and fees do not exceed the three percent threshold or the other specified applicable limit;
  • creditor must consider the consumer’s DTI ratio or residual income, income or assets, other than the value of the dwelling, and debts, and verify the consumer’s income or assets, other than the value of the dwelling, and the consumer’s debts, using the same consider and verify requirements established for general QMs in the general QM rule;
  • subject to limited exceptions, the creditor must hold the loan for the entire 36- month seasoning period; and
  • the loan must meet certain performance criteria, namely, there must have no more than two delinquencies of 30 or more days and no delinquencies of 60 or more days at the end of the seasoning period.

The seasoning, portfolio and performance criteria are further discussed below.

Seasoning Criteria

The CFPB defines the seasoning period as a period of 36 months beginning on the date on which the first periodic payment is due after consummation except that if there is a delinquency of 30 days or more at the end of the 36th month of the seasoning period, the seasoning period continues until there is this delinquency ends.

Further, the seasoning period is tolled (and hence, does not include) any period during which the consumer is in a “temporary payment accommodation” extended in connection with a disaster or pandemic-related national emergency as long as certain conditions are met.  The rule clarifies that the seasoning period can only resume after the temporary accommodation if any delinquency is cured either pursuant to the loan’s original terms or through a “qualifying change”.

The rule defines a “qualifying change” as an agreement entered into during or after a temporary payment accommodation extended in connection with a disaster or pandemic-related national emergency that ends any preexisting delinquency and meets certain other conditions such as not increasing the amount of interest charged over the full term of the loan as a result of the agreement or imposing fees on the consumer.

Portfolio Retention

 The rule requires the creditor that originates the loan to hold it in its portfolio for the entire 36-month period seasoning period unless one of the limited exceptions applies.  Notably, the rule permits the creditor to sell or assign a single loan as long as the assignee retains the loan for the remainder of the seasoning period and the loan is not securitized. The two other exceptions to the portfolio include (i) sales or assignments of loans during a merger involving the creditor and another party and (ii) transfers of ownership pursuant to certain supervisory sales such as a conservatorship or bankruptcy.

Loan Performance

 To be an eligible as a “Seasoned QM”, the loan must have no more than two delinquencies of 30 or more days and no delinquencies of 60 or more days at the end of the 36- month seasoning period.  Under the rule:

“Delinquency means the failure to make a periodic payment (in one full payment or in two or more partial payments) sufficient to cover principal, interest, and escrow (if applicable) for a given billing cycle by the date the periodic payment is due under the terms of the legal obligation. Other amounts, such as any late fees, are not considered for this purpose.

 (1) A periodic payment is 30 days delinquent when it is not paid before the due date of the following scheduled periodic payment.

 (2) A periodic payment is 60 days delinquent if the consumer is more than 30 days delinquent on the first of two sequential scheduled periodic payments and does not make both sequential scheduled periodic payments before the due date of the next scheduled periodic payment after the two sequential scheduled periodic payments.”

 Further, notably, except for purposes of making up nominal deficiency amounts (i.e., $50 or less) no more than three times during the seasoning period, payments from the following sources may not be considered in assessing “delinquencies”:

(i) funds in escrow in connection with the loan; or

(ii) Funds paid on behalf of the consumer by the creditor, servicer, or assignee.

The CFPB has indicated that payments made from escrow accounts established in connection with the loan or from third parties on the consumer’s behalf should not be considered in assessing performance for seasoning purposes because, for example, a creditor could escrow funds from the loan proceeds to cover payments during the seasoning period even if the loan payments were not actually affordable for the consumer on an ongoing basis.  The CFPB reasons that if a creditor needs to take funds from an escrow account or from a third party to cover an outstanding periodic payment, the payment from the escrow or third party raises doubt about the consumer’s ability to make the periodic payment.

GSE and Insurers Warranty Framework

In devising the performance framework for the 36-month seasoning period, the CFPB looked to the existing standards of the GSEs and certain mortgage insurers.  The CFPB observed that each GSE generally provides creditors relief from its enforcement with respect to certain representations and warranties a creditor must make to the GSE regarding its underwriting of a loan after the first 36 monthly payments if the borrower had no more than two 30-day delinquencies and no delinquencies of 60 days or more.

Similarly, the CFPB noted that the master policies of mortgage insurers generally provide that the mortgage insurer will not issue a rescission with respect to certain representations and warranties made by the originating lender if the borrower had no more than two 30-day delinquencies in the 36 months following the borrower’s first payment, among other requirements.

Takeaways

The CFPB believes that the creation of a special “Seasoned QM” is warranted because, in its view, many loans made to creditworthy consumers that do not fall within the existing QM loan definitions at consummation may be able to demonstrate through sustained loan performance compliance with the ATR requirements.  In considering the GSEs’ warranty frameworks, the CFPB noted that in most, albeit not all, instances, a default after 36 months of loan performance is usually not attributed to deficient loan underwriting, but rather to a change in the consumer’s circumstances that the creditor could not have reasonably anticipated prior to consummation.

Further, the statute of limitations period for an affirmative private right of action for damages for an ATR violation is generally three years from the date of the violation.  Consequently, a consumer would not be prevented from bringing an ATR claim during the contemplated seasoning period.

Nevertheless, conferring safe harbor QM status on a loan that was originated as a non-QM or a “rebuttable presumption” QM after the requisite seasoning period would curtail the consumer’s ability to invoke an ATR violation as a defense to foreclosure or assert civil damages as a recoupment claim after 36 months unless the seasoning period is extended.  Therefore, the CFPB contends that the special “Seasoned QM” category will incentivize the origination of non-QM loans that otherwise may not be made –or made at a significantly higher price–due to perceived litigation, civil liability exposure or other defense to foreclosure risks, even if a creditor has confidence that it can originate the loan in compliance with the ATR requirements.

Not surprisingly, while the residential mortgage industry strongly supported the rulemaking, consumer advocacy groups generally opposed not only significant aspects of the rule, but also the concept of a “Seasoned QM” notwithstanding the many concessions that the CFPB made to them.  Although the rule has limited applicability given its many requirements, it is uncertain whether a new CFPB Director appointed in the Biden Administration will retain the rule in its present form.