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FHA and VA Announce New Loss Mitigation Options

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What Happened?

Both the FHA and VA have established new loss mitigation options to provide payment reduction to delinquent borrowers.  On February 21, 2024, the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) within the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”) issued a new mortgagee letter (ML 2024-02) which, among other things, establishes the Payment Supplement loss mitigation option for all FHA-insured Title II Single-Family forward mortgage loans (the “Payment Supplement”) and also extends FHA’s COVID-19 Recovery Options through April 30, 2025. The provisions of ML 2024-02 may be implemented starting May 1, 2024 but must be implemented no later than January 1, 2025. The Payment Supplement will bring a borrower’s mortgage current and temporarily reduce their monthly mortgage payment without requiring a modification.

And, on April 10, 2024 , the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) announced the release of its much-anticipated Veterans Affairs Servicing Purchase (“VASP”) program, which is a new, last-resort tool in the VA’s suite of home retention options for eligible veterans, active-duty servicemembers, and surviving spouses with VA-guaranteed home loans who are experiencing severe financial hardship. The VASP program will take effect beginning on May 31, 2024.

Why Does it Matter?

FHA’s Payment Supplement

ML 2024-02 establishes the Payment Supplement as a new loss mitigation option to be added to FHA’s current loss mitigation waterfall. Specifically, if a servicer is unable to achieve the target payment reduction under FHA’s current COVID-19 Recovery Modification option, the mortgage must review the borrower for the Payment Supplement. The Payment Supplement is a loss mitigation option that utilizes Partial Claim funds to bring a delinquent mortgage current and couples it with the subsequent provision of a Monthly Principal Reduction (“MoPR”) that is applied toward the borrower’s principal due each month for a period of 36 months to provide payment relief without having to permanently modify the borrower’s mortgage loan. The maximum MoPR is the lesser of a 25 percent principal and interest reduction for 36 months, or the principal portion of the monthly mortgage payment as of the date the Payment Supplement period begins.

The Payment Supplement will temporarily reduce an eligible borrower’s monthly mortgage payment for a period of three years, without requiring modification of the borrower’s mortgage loan. At the end of the three-year period, the borrower will be responsible for resuming payment of the full monthly principal and interest amount. A borrower is not eligible for a new Payment Supplement until 36 months after the date the borrower previously executed Payment Supplement documents.

To be eligible for the Payment Supplement, servicers must ensure that:

  • that at least three or more full monthly payments are due and unpaid;
  • the mortgage is a fixed rate mortgage;
  • sufficient Partial Claim funds are available to bring the mortgage current and to fund the MoPR;
  • the borrower meets the requirements for loss mitigation during bankruptcy proceedings set forth in Section III.A.2.i.viii of FHA Single-Family Handbook 4000.1;
  • the principal portion of the borrower’s first monthly mortgage payment after the mortgage is brought current will be greater than or equal to a “Minimum MoPR” which must be equal to or greater than 5 percent of the principal and interest portion of the borrower’s monthly mortgage payment, and may not be less than $20.00 per month, as of the date the Payment Supplement period begins;
  • the MoPR does not exceed the lesser of a 25% principal and interest reduction for three years or the principal portion of the monthly mortgage payment as of the date the Payment Supplement period begins; and
  • the borrower indicates they have the ability to make their portion of the monthly mortgage payment after the MoPR is applied (servicers are not required to obtain income documentation from the borrower).

Servicers are responsible for making monthly disbursements of the MoPR from a Payment Supplement Account, which is a separate, non-interest bearing, insured custodial account that holds the balance of the funds paid by FHA for the purpose of implementing the Payment Supplement, and which must segregated from funds associated with the FHA-insured mortgage, including escrow funds, and any funds held in accounts restricted by agreements with Ginnie Mae. Neither the servicer nor the borrower has any discretion in how the Payment Supplement funds are used or applied.

Borrowers will be required to execute a non-interest-bearing Note, Subordinate Mortgage, and a Payment Supplement Agreement, which is a rider to and is incorporated by reference into the Payment Supplement promissory Note, given in favor of HUD, to secure the Partial Claim funds utilized and the amount of the MoPR applied toward the borrower’s principal during the 36-month period. The Note and Subordinate Mortgage do not require repayment until maturity of the mortgage, sale or transfer of the property, payoff of the mortgage, or termination of FHA insurance on the mortgage.

After the Payment Supplement is finalized, servicers must send borrowers written disclosures annually and 60-90 days before the expiration of the Payment Supplement period. ML 2024-02 also sets forth servicers’ obligations if a borrower defaults during the Payment Supplement period.

Contemporaneous with the publication of ML 2024-02, HUD published the following model documents necessary to complete a Payment Supplement: (1) Payment Supplement Promissory Note and Security Instrument, (2) Payment Supplement Agreement Rider, (3) Annual Payment Supplement Disclosure, and (4) Final Payment Supplement Disclosure. However, servicers will need to ensure these model documents comply with applicable state law.

Given that the Payment Supplement only provides temporary relief, it is likely that borrowers will experience “payment shock” at the end of the Payment Supplement period. HUD has indicated that it is aware of this risk and intends to assess this issue on an ongoing basis as borrowers begin to reach the end of their Payment Supplement period to help inform future updates to FHA loss mitigation.

VA’s VASP Program

Effective May 31, 2024, VASP will be added as the final home retention option on the VA Home Retention Waterfall where the VA may elect to purchase a loan from the servicer under an expediated basis after the servicer evaluates the loans and certain criteria are met.  Unlike a traditional VA Purchase, a trial payment period may also be required before VA purchases the loan.

Importantly, a borrower cannot elect to use the VASP program. Rather, servicers must follow the VA’s home retention waterfall to determine the most appropriate home retention option. If the waterfall leads to VASP, then the servicer must determine if certain qualifying loan criteria are met, including:

  • the loan is between 3 to 60-months delinquent on the date the servicer submits to VALERI either the VASP TPP event or VASP with No TPP event;
  • the property is owner-occupied;
  • none of the obligors are in active bankruptcy at the time of the applicable VASP event;
  • the reason for default has been resolved and the borrower has indicated they can resume scheduled payments;
  • the loan is in first-lien position and is not otherwise encumbered by any liens or judgments that would jeopardize VA’s first-lien position;
  • the borrower has made at least six monthly payments on the loan since origination;
  • the borrower is the property’s current legal owner of record; and
  • the borrower and all other obligors agree to the terms of the VASP modification.

After determining that a loan qualifies for VASP, the servicer must determine the appropriate terms that may be offered to the borrower. Until further notice, all VASP loans will be modified at a fixed rate of 2.5% interest, with either a 360-month term or, if this does not realize at least a 20% reduction in the principal and interest payment, a 480-month term. Borrowers who cannot afford to resume monthly payments at the 480-month term are to be evaluated for and offered any appropriate alternatives to foreclosure. A three-payment trial payment plan will be required if (i) the loans is 24 months or more delinquent, or (ii) the principal and interest portion of the monthly payment is not reduced by at least 20%. Borrowers who fail three trial payment plans during a single default episode are no longer eligible for VASP.

Once VA has certified the VASP payment, servicers have 60 days to complete a standard transfer to VA’s contractor, after which the servicer must report the transfer event in VALERI.

Importantly, servicers that fail to properly evaluate the loan in accordance with VA’s requirements may be subject to enforcement action and/or refusal by VA to either temporarily or permanently guarantee or insure any loans made by such servicer and may bar such servicer from servicing or acquiring guaranteed loans. The risk of enforcement is exacerbated by the VASP program’s technical requirements, which may cause operational challenges for servicers.

What Do I Need to Do?

FHA’s Payment Supplement and VA’s VASP programs both have relatively short implementation timelines but will likely require substantial effort to operationalize given their technical requirements.  Therefore, servicers of FHA-insured and/or VA-guaranteed mortgage loans should begin reviewing the requirements of both programs now, as applicable, and ensure that they make any necessary updates to policies, procedures, systems, training, and other controls to ensure compliance with these programs once they take effect. Alston & Bird’s Consumer Financial Services team is well-versed in these programs and is happy to assist with such a review.

HUD Seeks Comment on Proposed Notice to Change HECM for Purchase Program to Expand Funding Sources and Interested Party Contributions

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A&B Abstract:

On October 24, 2023, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”) published, for public comment, a Federal Register Notice (“Proposed Notice”) to implement changes to the Federal housing Administration’s (“FHA”) Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (“HECM”) for Purchase program. The Proposed Notice expands the list of acceptable funding sources and permits additional interested party contributions to satisfy the borrower’s monetary investment requirement. Under the Proposed Notice, the FHA would also remove existing restrictions that prohibit the borrower from accepting cash from a seller or another person or entity that financially benefits from the HECM for Purchase transaction. HUD is seeking comment from interested members of the public on the Proposed Notice. The period for public comment ends on November 24, 2023.

Background

The HECM for Purchase program allows mortgagees to originate HECM for Purchase transactions to purchase a 1-to-4 family dwelling unit, one unit of which will serve as the borrower’s principal residence. The program requires borrowers to contribute substantial liquid assets to meet the negotiated contract sales price for the property plus standard origination fees and charges.

In 2009, the FHA published Mortgage Letter 2009-11 (“ML 2009-11”) which prohibited certain funding sources for the investment:

  • sweat equity;
  • trade equity;
  • rent credit; and
  • cash or its equivalent, in whole or in part, received from the seller or any other person or entity that financially benefits from the HECM for Purchase transaction, or any third party or entity that is reimbursed, directly or indirectly, by the seller or any other person or entity that financially benefits from the HECM for Purchase transaction.

In addition, ML 2009-11 prohibited seller contributions (or “seller concessions”) in any HECM for Purchase transaction. “Seller concessions” are the use of “loan points, interest rate buy-downs, closing cost down payment assistance, builder incentives, gifts or personal property given by the seller, or any other party involved in the transaction.” These limits are meant to redirect expenses customarily paid by the seller or other interest parties to the borrower.

In 2017, the FHA codified the requirements for the HECM for Purchase program, and other program changes, and also codified three permitted funding sources for the borrower’s required money investment (the “Final Rule”):

  • Cash on hand;
  • Cash from the sale or liquidation of the borrower’s assets; and
  • HECM proceeds.

The Final Rule also changed the funding source restrictions to permit interested party contributions to pay for:

  • fees required to be paid by the seller under state or local law;
  • fees that are customarily paid by the seller in the locality of the subject property; and
  • purchase of the Home Warranty policy by the seller.

The Proposed Notice

The Proposed Notice would permit interested parties to contribute up to six percent of the sales price and expand the list of permitted interested party contributions.

Under the Proposed Notice, an “interested party contribution” would be defined to mean a payment by an interested party or combination of parties, toward the borrower’s origination fees, other closing costs including any items paid outside of closing, prepaid items, and discount points. “Interested Parties” refers to sellers, real estate agents, builders, developers, mortgagees, third-party originators, or other parties with an interest in the transaction.

Under the Proposed Notice, the six percent limit on interest party contributions may be applied towards but may not exceed the cost of:

  • origination fees;
  • other closing costs paid outside of closing (e.g., credit report and appraisal);
  • prepaid items;
  • discount points;
  • interested party payment for permanent and temporary interest rate buydowns; and
  • payment of the initial mortgage insurance premium.

Additionally, the Proposed Notice would also permit the following additional funding sources to satisfy the borrower’s monetary investment:

  • premium pricing;
  • gifts;
  • disaster relief grants; and
  • employer assistance.

This would be the first time that premium pricing is permitted for use in the HECM for Purchase program. Under the Proposed Notice, borrowers would be able to receive a credit from the mortgagee or third-party originator to reduce their closing costs in exchange for a certain initial mortgage interest rate.

Premium pricing credits from the mortgagee or third-party originator would be excluded from the six percent limit if the mortgagee or third-party originator is not the seller, real estate agent, builder, or developer. The interested party contributions for the various fees permitted under 24 C.F.R. § 206.44(c)(1) will also be excluded from the six percent interested party contribution limit. The FHA will also exclude the satisfaction of a Property Assessed Clean Energy (“PACE”) lien or obligation against the property by the property seller from the definition of an interested party contribution in the HECM for Purchase program.

Takeaway

The Proposed Notice is an effort by the FHA to more closely align the HECM for Purchase program with its forward mortgage programs. If implemented, the Proposed Notice would likely make it easier for borrowers to meet their monetary investment requirement by expanding the list of funding sources and permitting interested party contributions. Lenders participating in the HECM for Purchase program should review the Proposed Notice and consider submitting a comment.

FHA Issues Final Rule on Acceptance of Private Flood Insurance Policies

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A&B ABstract:

 On November 21, 2022, the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) announced a final rule to provide for the acceptance of private flood insurance in connection with FHA-insured loans.

FHA to Permit Private Flood Insurance Policies

Effective December 21, 2022, the FHA has adopted a long-awaited final rule (the “FHA Rule”) permitting the acceptance of private flood insurance policies in connection with FHA-insured loans.  Proposed nearly two years ago, the regulations align requirements for the acceptance of private flood insurance for FHA-insured loans with those that apply to loans made by federally regulated financial institutions (“federally regulated lenders”).

Background

In 2012, Congress enacted the Biggert-Waters Act Flood Insurance Reform Act, amending the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 and the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973 (collectively, the “Flood Act”) to clarify the obligations of federally regulated lenders to accept private flood insurance – among other provisions.  Specifically, Biggert-Waters included a provision requiring the federal banking regulatory agencies  – the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Farm Credit Administration, and the National Credit Union Administration (the “Agencies”) – to adopt a rule directing regulated lenders to accept private flood insurance policies meeting statutory criteria, and to notify borrowers of the availability of private flood insurance coverage as an alternative to that available through the National Flood Insurance Program (“NFIP”).  The Agencies first proposed such a rule in October 2013, and finalized it in February 2019 – with the provisions taking effect on July 1 of that year.

The FHA Rule

Neither the Biggert-Waters provision addressing private flood insurance nor the Agencies’ rule on the same topic, however, applies to FHA-insured loans.  As a result, as of July 2019, there existed a significant disparity between most loans made by federally regulated lenders and those insured by the FHA:  Private flood insurance was an option for the former, but prohibited for the latter because it did not comport with the requirements of FHA regulations. To address the differences, in November 2020, the FHA proposed to amend its regulations (24 CFR Parts 201, 203, and 206) to permit the acceptance of private flood insurance policies and provide other clarification on mortgagees’ obligation to ensure that appropriate flood insurance coverage is in place for FHA-insured loans.

Definition of Private Flood Insurance

Amending 24 C.F.R. 203.16a, the FHA Rule mirrors the definition of “private flood insurance” found in the Agencies’ rule, which includes four prongs.  First, such a policy must be issued by an insurance company that is:

    • Licensed, admitted, or otherwise approved to engage in the business of insurance by the insurance regulator of the State or jurisdiction in which the property to be insured is located; or
    • Recognized, or not disapproved, as a surplus lines insurer by the insurance regulator of the State or jurisdiction in which the property to be insured is located in the case of a policy of difference in conditions, multiple peril, all risk, or other blanket coverage insuring nonresidential commercial property.

Second, the policy must provide flood insurance coverage that is at least as broad as the coverage provided under an NFIP Standard Flood Insurance Policy (“SFIP”) for the same type of property, including when considering deductibles, exclusions, and conditions offered by the insurer (and as further specified in the definition).

Third, the policy must include:

    • A requirement for the insurer to give written notice 45 days before cancellation or non-renewal of flood insurance coverage to the insured and the federally regulated lender that made the designated loan secured by the property covered by the flood insurance, or the servicer acting on its behalf;
    • Information about the availability of flood insurance coverage under the NFIP;
    • A mortgage interest clause similar to the clause contained in an SFIP; and
    • A provision requiring an insured to file suit not later than one year after the date of a written denial of all or part of a claim under the policy.

Finally, the policy must contain cancellation provisions that are as restrictive as the provisions contained in an SFIP.  The Agencies’ rule also gives a federally regulated lender discretion to accept a policy offered by a private insurer that does not meet all of the above criteria – such as a policy offered by a mutual aid society.

Like the Agencies’ rule, the FHA Rule includes a compliance aid intended to help mortgagees identify whether a private flood insurance policy meets the regulatory standard.  The FHA Rule makes clear, however, that regardless of the presence of the compliance aid statement, a mortgagee may make its own determination of whether a private flood insurance policy meets the definition above.  Unlike the Agencies’ counterpart, the FHA Rule does not provide discretion for a lender to accept a policy that does not meet the definition of (or other criteria for) private flood insurance as set forth in the rule.  As a result, in its Federal Register notice of the rule adoption, the FHA emphasized that a policy acceptable under the Agencies’ rule may not satisfy the FHA standard.

Other Provisions

The FHA Rule includes other important clarifications regarding the maintenance of flood insurance on FHA-insured loans.

First, under the Flood Act and the Agencies regulations, the minimum amount of coverage that must remain in place on property securing a loan throughout the life of the loan is the lesser of: (1) the outstanding principal balance of the loan; (2) the maximum limit of coverage available for the particular type of property under the Flood Act; or (3) the insurable value of the property.  The FHA Rule states that for an FHA loan, the insurable value should be calculated as “100 percent replacement cost of the insurable value of the improvements, which consists of the development of project cost less estimated land cost.”

Second, the FHA Rule clarifies the application of flood insurance obligations to Home Equity Conversion Mortgages (HECMs), adding language to mirror the loss payee and compliance aid provisions of the rule applicable to forward mortgages.

Takeaway

The FHA Rule provides long-awaited clarity for lenders, brings FHA requirements relating to the acceptance of private flood insurance policies more into line with those applicable to federally regulated lenders, and expands the options that FHA borrowers have when their properties are located in special flood hazard areas.

Slaying the Monster? Reduced Risk of False Claims Act Prosecution for FHA Lenders

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A&B Abstract:  In an effort to incent large depository institutions to return to FHA lending, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”) and the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”), on October 28, 2019, that delineates HUD’s process for determining whether violations of FHA guidelines should be referred to the DOJ for prosecution under the False Claims Act (“FCA”).  In recent years, HUD and the DOJ have used the FCA to obtain approximately $7 billion in recoveries from FHA lenders, driving depository lenders away from FHA lending.[1]  Since 2010, the percentage of FHA-insured mortgages made by these institutions has dropped from approximately 45% to below 14%.[2]  The result of the MOU, according to HUD Secretary Carson, is that “[t]he monster [of the FCA] has been slayed.”[3]

An Overview of the Memorandum of Understanding

The MOU describes “HUD’s process for determining whether certain conduct by FHA-approved mortgagees should be enforced through administrative proceedings or other remedies directly available to HUD or referred to DOJ to pursue under the FCA.”[4]  To do so, it details a five-step process for how FCA enforcement will be handled going forward.  This process will apply to origination and servicing activities in connection with all single-family mortgage insurance programs, including forward and reverse FHA-insured mortgage loans.  The MOU does not address referral of criminal activity, which is out of scope.

The Five-step Process

(1) Preference for Administrative Action – HUD will review FHA violations to determine whether they are best addressed by administrative action.  “HUD expects that violations will be enforced primarily through HUD’s administrative proceedings, except when action beyond HUD’s administrative capabilities is warranted.”[5]  This would potentially result in administrative fines, though any such fines would be drastically smaller than the civil liability imposed by the FCA.

(2) Referral to MRB – HUD identifies violations of FHA requirements under HUD’s Defect Taxonomy, which is the assessment methodology that categorizes violations of FHA requirements into four severity tiers. When a violation meets HUD’s FCA Evaluation Standards, as discussed below, the violation will be referred to the Mortgage Review Board (“MRB”), which is made up of senior HUD personnel, including personnel from HUD’s office of general counsel and office of the inspector general (“OIG”).  The MRB will evaluate the matter for potential action under the FCA.[6]  The MRB intends to refer FHA mortgagees to DOJ for potential FCA litigation where the following standards are met: (1) Tier 1 (i.e., evidence of fraudulent or materially misrepresented information about which the mortgagee knew or should have known) or equivalent violations exist in at least 15 loans or in loans with unpaid principal balance or claims of at least $2.0 million; and (2) there are aggravating factors warranting pursuit of FCA litigation, such as evidence that the violations are systemic or widespread (collectively, the “FCA Evaluation Standards”).[7]

HUD indicated that it intends to “provide a written referral for FCA litigation to DOJ for any allegations approved by the MRB.”[8] HUD’s position is that it will refer “FCA matters [to] be pursued only where such action is the most appropriate method to protect the interests of FHA’s mortgage insurance programs, would defer fraud against the United States, and would generally serve the best interests of the United States.”[9]

(3) Referred Cases – Where a party other than HUD, such as a qui tam relator (i.e., a private party) or HUD’s OIG, refers a matter to DOJ for potential FCA litigation, or DOJ directly initiates a matter that is based on alleged FHA violations, DOJ will confer with HUD prior to initiating FCA litigation.  The purpose of this step is to ensure DOJ confers and works with HUD during the investigative, litigation, and settlement phases of the matter to obtain HUD’s input, such as whether HUD supports or opposes FCA litigation.  Ultimately, the MOU contemplates that HUD “will make known to DOJ whether and to what extent any alleged defects or violations regarding the relevant FHA requirements are material or not material to the agency so that DOJ can determine whether the elements of the FCA can be established.”

(4) Relator Cases – Where a case is filed by a qui tam relator, HUD may recommend that DOJ seek dismissal of the case if HUD does not support the FCA litigation.  Among other reasons, the MOU contemplates that HUD may recommend dismissal where the:

    • Alleged conduct fails to meet the HUD FCA Evaluation Standards;
    • Alleged conduct does not represent a material violation of FHA requirements; or
    • Litigation threatens to interfere with HUD’s policies or the administration of its FHA lending program and dismissal would avoid these effects.

The MOU makes clear that “[w]hile the decision of whether to seek dismissal remains the exclusive authority of DOJ, DOJ will consult with HUD in making such a decision.”[10]

(5) MRB Action – Where the MRB decides to decline referral or recommends against FCA litigation, the MRB may still exercise its discretion to seek administrative action, indemnification, or civil money penalties for any FHA violations.  For example, “HUD may request DOJ approval to file a complaint under the Program Fraud Civil Remedies Act.”[11]

Takeaway:

Given the focus of the MOU, institutions managing regulatory risk and the risk of potential investigations should consider whether alleged FHA violations fall within HUD’s Defect Taxonomy and, if so, whether the violations meet HUD’s FCA Evaluation Standards, as such violations will be referred to the MRB to determine whether FCA litigation is warranted.

Also, the MOU likely provides a new lens for settlement negotiations with HUD and the DOJ.  Disproving systemic or widespread FHA violations could potentially take an investigation off the path towards FCA litigation, dramatically decreasing the cost of settlement.

The MOU is a significant development concerning both HUD’s and DOJ’s approach to FCA litigation.  It could signal reduced FCA litigation related to violations of FHA requirements in the future.  That said, even though the risk of potential FCA prosecution appears to be reduced, it is not eliminated.  Accordingly, it has yet to be seen if Secretary Carson is correct in his prediction that the “monster” of the FCA has been slain.[12]

[1] Ben Lane, Housing Wire, HUD, DOJ changing use of False Claims Act in order to bring big banks back to FHA lending (referencing call with reporters by FHA Commissioner Brian Montgomery) (Oct. 28, 2019).
[2] DOJ Press Release, Departments of Justice and Housing and Urban Development Sign Interagency Memorandum on the Application of the False Claims Act (Oct. 28, 2019).
[3] Ben Lane, Housing Wire, Exclusive: HUD’s Carson on False Claims Act – “The monster has been slayed” (Oct. 28, 2019).
[4] MOU at 2.
[5] MOU at 2-3.
[6] MOU at 3.
[7] Id.
[8] Id.
[9] Id.
[10] MOU at 3-4.
[11] MOU at 4.  The Program Fraud Civil Remedies Act (“PFCRA”), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3801 et seq., is an administrative remedy designed to reach cases of fraud not selected for False Claims Act cases.  The PFCRA imposes civil money penalties and an assessment, of up to twice the claim amount, on “[a]ny person who makes, presents, or submits, or causes to be made, presented, or submitted, a claim that the person knows or has reason to know (A) is false, fictitious, or fraudulent; (B) includes or is supported by any written statement which asserts a material fact which is false, fictitious, or fraudulent; (C) includes or is supported by any written statement that (i) omits a material fact; (ii) is false, fictitious, or fraudulent as a result of such omission; and (iii) is a statement in which the person making, presenting, or submitting such statement has a duty to include such material fact; or (D) is for payment for the provision of property or services which the person has not provided as claimed.”  31 U.S.C. § 3802(a).
[12] See Ben Lane, Housing Wire, Exclusive: HUD’s Carson on False Claims Act – “The monster has been slayed” (Oct. 28, 2019).